EXPENSE RATIO
Expense ratio is the annual fee that all funds or exchange-traded funds charge their shareholders.
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Fees & taxation in trading refer to the costs associated with executing trades and the taxes applied to investment gains. In trading, fees may include commission costs, management fees for mutual funds or ETFs, and spreads in forex or crypto markets. Taxation on capital gains, dividends, or income varies by jurisdiction and can impact overall returns. Traders must consider these fees and tax obligations when assessing the profitability of investments and structuring their portfolios for optimal after-tax returns.